Correlation coefficient and causation
The correlation coefficient r is a single number, from -1 to 1, that measures how tightly a scatter plot's points cluster around a line, with r close to 1 or -1 meaning a strong linear relationship and r close to 0 meaning little to no linear relationship specifically (a strong curved, non-linear pattern can still produce an r near 0): for example, a scatter plot of study hours versus test scores with r = 0.85 shows a strong positive linear relationship, but even that strong a correlation never proves that one thing causes the other, since a hidden third factor could be driving both.
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